International Conference on
Oil and Gas

Biography:

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Biography:

Abstract:

An essential step in materials degradation is the determination of the failure mechanism. For example, stress, metallurgical (microstructure), or environment-assisted cracking, help the determination of the fundamental cause of failure and recommendation on proper measures to prevent failure recurrence. In this context, environment-assisted cracking (EAC), or environmentally induced failure (EIF), is a form of corrosion that produces a brittle fracture in alloys with minimal corrosion. As for example, environmentally assisted cracks in line pipe steels are initiated either as a result of stresses in combination with environmental effects, as in stress corrosion cracking (SCC), or as a result of trapped hydrogen in the steel, as in hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC).  To understand better the mechanism of the crack initiation process, key metallurgical and environmental elements that can affect the cracking phenomena were investigated and are reviewed in this paper.  The complexity of both cracking phenomena results from the dependence of HIC and SCC on multiple metallurgical, mechanical, and environmental parameters that may all influence both crack initiation and propagation; e.g., composition, microstructure and non-metallic inclusions in the steel, applied stress, water chemistry in the field, and ionic concentrations in the groundwater near the pipe surface to name a few for SCC. 

In addition, for HIC phenomena, one can add the concentration of H₂S in the fluids transported in the pipe as well as concentration of CO₂, pH, etc.  Furthermore, it is not well-known why similar steels can have different performance, ranging from good resistance to significant embrittlement. A better understanding of the microstructural characteristics is important and needed.

         Cracking of line pipe steels is analyzed with particular attention to the crack initiation process.  The paper is divided into two parts: The first part covers HIC and the second part covers SCC.  This overall terminology includes stress corrosion cracking (SCC), corrosion fatigue cracking (CFC), and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC). The latter is also referred to as hydrogen embrittlement (HE), or hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC). 

Biography:

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Biography:

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In this paper, we propose monitoring system for protecting oil pipeline using DAS(Distributed Acoustic Sensing) and FOC(Fiber Optic Cable).  DAS and FOC are based on the fact that outdoor events could change the amplitude or speed of signal propagation and is based on the Rayleigh backscattered light. TPI(Third Party Intrusion) including oil pipeline  theft produces an acoustic noise around the place of incidents.

In this proposed method, we installed FOC and oil pipeline the 150cm underground. And when TPI occurs, it can detect the location of event location in real time and quickly. 

 This method can create a specific feather as well as a specific pattern in monitoring system.

One of this advantages can detect long distance monitoring system. It can be monitored up to 70km oil pipeline. This system might protect oil pipeline from oil theft as well as TPI.

DAS technology expands the applications for fiber optics use in the oil and gas industry.

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The soil physicochemical parameter in Ohaji in Imo State, Nigeria was investigated using Ibeocha, Ekeugba, Awara, Mbirichi and Location as a case study. The result obtained from the soil analysis using standard methods shows that the concentrations of the heavy metals, Pb and Fe were highest in the soil from Ibeocha (0.045 ppm) and Mbirichi (0.126 ppm) which show the high rate of industrial activity and oil spill in those areas. There was no remarkable change in pH, but temperature followed the pattern of heavy metal concentration with acidic (lowest) values at the center. The cation exchange capacity of the soil sample from the location (14.066 ppm) shows that this soil sample has a lower contamination to compare to other soil samples from other location. Containment of the effects should be encouraged as soil from these sampling locations is contaminated due to the oil spill

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This paper investigates the gas and water breakthrough time using sector model (SM) in the naturally fractured (NF) carbonate reservoirs located in Northern Iraq.  The naturally fractured reservoirs have complex pore system since rock formations are susceptible to diagenetic process such as dissolution, dolomitization and mechanical fracturing. As a result the reservoir quality may be enhanced or occluded through cementation. The complexity of a fracture network typically leads an anisotropic permeability distribution within the reservoir. Thus ultimate recovery can be achieved with carefully planned reservoir management strategies through conducting an accurate reservoir modeling and simulation.

In this work a sector model was developed based on the studied example field. The field produces from four NF compartments; the average reservoir height is around 95m in which the WOC and GOC located at depth 685m and 590m, respectively. The reservoir rock properties modeled using a dual-porosity with single-permeability system. This model was based on the layercake Petrel model. Furthermore, a sensitivity study also conducted with the aim to investigate the dependences of the well and field-performance.

Results showed that matrix permeability and fracture dimension have great effect on early water and gas breakthrough. While aquifer size and permeability and WOC have moderate effect on both water breakthrough and ultimate recovery when compared to previous parameters. 

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Anaerobic wastewater treatment differs from conventional aerobic treatment. The absence of oxygen leads to controlled conversion of complex organic pollutions, mainly to carbon dioxide and methane. Anaerobic treatment has favorable effects like the removal of higher organic loading, low sludge production, high pathogen removal, biogas gas production and low energy consumption. Psychrophilic anaerobic treatment can be an attractive option to conventional anaerobic digestion for municipal sewage and industrial wastewaters that are discharged at moderate to low temperature

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Biography:

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During shale gas development, large amount of adsorbed gas in the shale pores are gradually desorbed, which results in different shale properties changes such as permeability, structure, etc. This paper objective is to determine how the adsorption and desorption characteristics of shale can be used for shale gas evaluation. Different concepts such as: measured gas; lost gas; bulk density; residual gas; geochemistry of shale gas; gas filled porosity and others will be discussed and supported by theoretical evidences and experimental measurements. The importance of adsorption-desorption correlation to assure accurate shale gas content will be presented as well. The question of how small canisters and high resolution equipment are necessary to measure the gas content of individual shale sidewall samples will be answered

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Conventional method of injection that uses only a high concentration and molecular weight of single polymer, often leads to fingering effects due to mobility ratio, and the entrapment of pore throats in the injected area due to the difference in size between the pore throat and the hydrodynamic polymer chain radius. To avoid this unfavorable phenomenon, a sequential method of polymer injection is used by injecting varying molecular weight of polymers starting from low to high concentration in three stages of sequential injections. Polymer injection/flooding is considered one of the most effective and successful method for the enhancements of oil recovery.

In this work we have investigated the feasibility of sequential polymer injection in different reservoir rocks characterized by different heterogeneities. It is apparent that heterogeneity is one of the main factor associates with poor EOR performance. Therefore, investigating heterogeneity and the factors affect EOR efficiency is of great importance to oil/gas industry.

The static model was developed from an example field data in the region. Reservoir rock properties were correlated and modeled using Kiring and Gaussian geostatistics simulation.  Thereafter the model was brought to reservoir simulation software to investigate EOR performance. The REVEAL and in house simulator software have been used for assessing the efficiency EOR model using sequential chemicals injection.

Results indicated that sequentially injected polymers varying in concentrations can be a viable alternative to conventional polymer flooding methods, particularly in very heterogeneous reservoir if compared to results obtained with conventional method of polymer injection.

Biography:

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Biography:

Abstract:

Biography:

Abstract:

The current global energy demand is highly dependent on the extraction of natural resources that remains trapped within existing oil reservoirs. Initially, the crude oil is recovered by primary and secondary techniques. However, nearly two-thirds of the original oil in place (OOIP) still remains within the rock pores. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) encompass a variety of mechanisms to achieve greater oil recovery by the incorporation of various techniques. One of these methods involve the injection of chemical slugs that are injected into the reservoir to effectively displace residual oil. Surfactant design is a potential area of interest in this method. Surfactants lower IFT by adsorbing onto the crude oil-aqueous interface and improve the oil displacement efficiency in chemical EOR processes.

In the present study a family of carboxybetaine based surfactants with hydrophobic tail length of 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbons were synthesized for their application in chemical EOR. The synthesis of surfactants was done by quaternizing tertiary amines of different carbon chain lengths by sodium chloroacetate. The synthesized surfactants were characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy and their solubility in water was tested by Krafft temperature analysis and salt tolerance test. To check for the applicability of surfactants in chemical EOR, their IFT reduction tendency, phase behavior and wettability alteration effectiveness were evaluated. Finally, sand pack experiments were conducted to test the recovery of trapped oil by injection of surfactant slug along with alkali and polymer.

IFT between oil and surfactant solution was also found to reduce with increase in carbon chain length and ultralow IFT was achieved by the synergetic effect of alkali and C16DmCB surfactant. The larger hydrophobic tail length was found to improve the oil-water interface activity. C16DmCB surfactant was found to form stable three phase microemulsion which is beneficial for its applicability in EOR. The surfactants were also found effective in altering the wettability of oil-wet quartz sample to preferentially water-wet with very lesser loss of surfactants.  More than 30% additional oil recovery was achieved by the synergetic effect of alkali-surfactant-polymer in flooding experiments. The results show that the synthesized zwitterionic surfactants are having good potential for their use in chemical EOR.

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The current work deals with developing, assessing, and analyzing a novel improved water-based drilling mud by using alternatives based on waste materials for the purpose of substitution of the commercial drilling mud constituents. Two alternatives were investigated, the first is an industrial waste as alternative for the commercial barite; the weighting products used for increasing fluid density, the second alternative has been derived from an agro waste and used as substituent of the commercial lignosulfonates; the thinning agents used for clay deflocculating and reduction of drilling fluids viscosity. The effect of  the content (wt.%) of first alternative (7.2-12.8),  and the second alternative (3-7.8)  on  mud weight, pH, and rheological properties including  plastic viscosity, yield point, gel strength, filtration loss, apparent viscosity and filter cake thickness was optimized using two factorial central composite experimental design. The mathematical models for prediction the effect of the content of the two alternative materials on drilling fluid characteristics were estimated.  The effect of salt contamination NaCl (0-5) % weight and pH (7.12-11.95) on rheological properties of the new adopted drilling mud formulations contain the optimum concentration of the two alternatives estimated from response surface analysis was investigated and correlated. The overall results revealed that the tested alternatives are promising substituents for the commercial mud constituents. The stability of the formulated drilling fluid seemed to change due to salt contamination and changing the pH in particulaire plastic and apparent viscosity and yield point. Using the new alternative ingredients may highly contribute to production of new drilling mud formulations of developed performance,  minimizing the drilling mud cost, as well as protection the environnement by reusing the waste materials  instead of its  disposal.

Keywords

Drilling mud; Waste; Rheological properties; Optimization; Modeling  

Biography:

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1. OBJECTIVES/SCOPE:

It's an era of non-conventional resources. With increase in complication in drilling, and transportation of crude oil the need for Cutting edge technologies is growing at a high pace. The sole objective of the Paper is to make use of the modified microorganism (having altered DNA) to digest oil if accidentally Oil Spill occurs in order to reduce Environmental Pollution.

2. METHODS, PROCEDURES,PROCESS:

Oil Digesting Bacteria’s such as Thalassolituus olievorans and Neptumonas can reduce the fear of Oil Spill during the Transportation of Oil as these microorganisms can digest oil and break long chain of alkenes and convert it into CO₂ and water.

The paper describes about the new approach that is based on combination of the DNA of Oliespira (Highly efficient deep sea oil digester that cannot work in saline conditions) and Neptumonas (Poor Oil Digester that can work in saline conditions). Using DNA Recombination Technique through which we can alter the DNA of the bacteria so that we can get single bacteria having both the desired characters (i.e. a bacteria containing both features of High efficiency and can work in saline water). These modified bacteria’s can be exploited by making the use of asexual reproduction and unfavourable conditions for increasing the no. of bacteria.

      3. RESULTS, OBSERVATIONS, CONCLUSIONS:

The modified bacteria having both the desired traits i.e. Digestion of Oil in sea water and deep sea levels will help in solving the problem of environmental pollution. The results would be mind boggling as a single microorganism would serve as the solution for various terms related to Oil Spill. The microorganism at normal or low temperature it will act as an Oil Digester which can work in sea water. With the use of these modified microorganisms we will be able to protect our environment and hence control extent of oil spill.

     4. NOVEL OR ADDITIVE INFORMATION:

        Exemplary management and proper working of these genetically           modified bacteria’s would be a boost for the industry. With the use of these modified microorganisms (bacteria’s) we will be able to protect our environment and also avoid the harmful effects caused by the Oil Spills.